Majority gates vs. general weighted threshold gates

In this paper we study small depth circuits that contain threshold gates (with or without weights) and parity gates. All circuits we consider are of polynomial size. We prove several results which complete the work on characterizing possible inclusions between many classes defined by small depth circuits. These results are the following:

Enthalpies of formation of transition-metal lanthanide laves phases with the MgCu2 structure

Experimental information and theoretical estimates for the enthalpy of formation at 298 K for the RM₂ (whereM = Fe, Co,orNi andR = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) lanthanide Laves phases with the MgCu₂ (C15) structure are reviewed and discussed in the light of information on lattice parameters and atomic volume. The purpose of the present study is to analyze all the available experimental information on enthalpies of formation for transition-metal lanthanide Laves phases and then plot the data in order to reveal tendencies and allow reliable estimates of data that have not yet been measured. It is concluded that as the lanthanide atomic number increases the enthalpy of formation is almost constant or becomes slightly more negative. The accompanying volume contraction is slightly larger than expected from the lanthanide contraction, 7.6 %. From the so-called Gschneidner correlation one would have expected the contrary behavior, that is, that the bonding strength would become slightly lower when going from LaM₂ to LuM₂. An increase in the transition-metal atomic number has a stronger effect on the enthalpy of formation and atomic volume than an increase in the lanthanide atomic number.     

Effect of Carbon Content on Variant Pairing in Bainitic Low Alloy Steel

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Variant pairing in bainite was evaluated in four different commercial low alloy steels with medium to high carbon content. The steels investigated were...     

半固态高铬铸铁的流变铸造组织的演变

通过研究搅拌强度，冷却速度对高铬铸铁流变铸造组织的影响及采用EMPA和EBSD技术研究小角晶界，晶粒簇丛的精细特征，发现冷却速度控制了枝晶臂所受扭矩大小与根部直径大小的比例，适当的冷却速度可促进形成头部大，根部小的枝晶臂的形成，从而加速枝晶臂的折断。聚集的小角晶界是扭折但未完全折断的细小枝晶臂在经熟化过程后形成的主干与枝晶臂的界面，晶粒簇丛是由许多被扭折的枝晶臂演变而成。     

Replacement of dietary fish oil with increasing levels of linseed oil: Modification of flesh fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis>) using a fish oil finishing diet

Five groups of salmon, of initial mean weight 127±3 g, were fed increasing levels of dietary linseed oil (LO) in a regression design. The control diet contained capelin oil (FO) only, and the same oil was blended with LO to provide the experimental diets. After an initial period of 40 wk, all groups were switched to a finishing diet containing only FO for a further 24 wk. Growth and flesh lipid contents were not affected by dietary treatment. The FA compositions of flesh total lipids were linearly correlated with dietary FA compositions (r ²=0.88–1.00, P<0.0001). LO included at 50% of added dietary lipids reduced flesh DHA and EPA (20∶5n−3) concentrations to 65 and 58%, respectively, of the concentrations in fish fed FO. Feeding 100% LO reduced flesh DHA and EPA concentrations to 38 and 30%, respectively, of the values in fish fed FO. Differences between diet and flesh FA concentrations showed that 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and especially DHA were preferentially retained in flesh, whereas 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶1n−11 were selected against and presumably utilized for energy. In fish previously fed 50 and 100% LO, feeding a finishing diet containing FO for 16 wk restored flesh DHA and EPA concentrations, to ≈80% of the values in fish fed FO throughout. Flesh DHA and EPA concentrations in fish fed up to 50% LO were above recommended intake values for humans for these EFA. This study suggests that LO can be used as a substitute for FO in seawater salmon feeds and that any reductions in DHA and EPA can be largely overcome with a finishing diethigh in FO before harvest.     

Nickel-catalyzed hydrogenation: A study of the poisoning effect of halogen-containing compounds

The poisoning effect of various halogen compounds on a nickel-based hydrogenation catalyst has been investigated. While alkyl monochlorides did not affect the catalyst activity, alkyl monobromide and-iodide had a strong poisonous effect. Vicinal dichlorides, 1,1-dichlorides, and HC1 also poisoned the catalyst. It is shown that with chlorine containing compounds, the poisoning mechanism involves a fission of the carbon-chlorine bond with the formation of HC1, while bromine and iodine compounds adsorb to the catalyst surface as such in a simple equilibrium reaction. A mackerel oil previously shown to exhibit three kinetically distinguishable poisoning effects has been further examined, and it is shown that its content of halogens can probably account for the observed poisoning pattern.     

The influence of food emulsifiers on fat and sugar dispersions in oils. III. Water content,purity of oils

The influence of water on the interactions between fat and sugar crystals dispersed in triglyceride (vegetable) oils was qualitatively estimated from sedimentation and rheological experiments. The experiments were performed both with and without food emulsifiers (monoglycerides and lecithins) present in the oil. The effects of minor natural oil components (nontriglycerides) on the interactions and on emulsifier adsorption to the crystals were examined by comparing a commercial refined oil and a chromatographically purified oil. The results show that water generally increases the adhesion between fat and sugar crystals in oils and also increases the surface activity of the oil-soluble food emulsifiers. Minor oil components give a small increase in the adhesion between fat and sugar crystals in oils, but do not influence the adsorption of food emulsifiers in any systematic way.     

Chemoattraction between fry of Arctic char [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] studied in a Y-maze fluviarium

Attraction of fry of Arctic char [Salvelinus alpinus (L.)] to water conditioned by conspecifics of the same age was studied in a Y-maze fluviarium. Two types of experiments were run. In up-swimming tests (1), starting from the common leg of the Y-maze, a single fish was given the choice of entering one of the two upstream arms. In gradient tests (2), the momentary positions of a single char were time-lapse photographed in a test yard of this common shank. Strong attraction to conditioned water was observed in both types of tests.